python requests get请求

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python requests get请求

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——————·今天距2021年253天·——————

这是ITester软件测试小栈第114次推文

在上一篇Python接口自动化测试系列文章：Python接口自动化之Token详解及应用，介绍token基本概念、运行原理及在自动化中接口如何携带token进行访问。

以下主要介绍如何封装请求。

还记得我们之前写的get请求、post请求么？

大家应该有体会，每个请求类型都写成单独的函数，代码复用性不强。

接下来将请求类型都封装起来，自动化用例都可以用这个封装的请求类进行请求，我们将常用的get、post请求封装起来。

import requestsclass RequestHandler: def get(self, url, **kwargs): """封装get方法""" # 获取请求参数 params = kwargs.get("params") headers = kwargs.get("headers") try: result = requests.get(url, params=params, headers=headers) return result except Exception as e: print("get请求错误: %s" % e) def post(self, url, **kwargs): """封装post方法""" # 获取请求参数 params = kwargs.get("params") data = kwargs.get("data") json = kwargs.get("json") try: result = requests.post(url, params=params, data=data, json=json) return result except Exception as e: print("post请求错误: %s" % e) def run_main(self, method, **kwargs): """ 判断请求类型 :param method: 请求接口类型 :param kwargs: 选填参数 :return: 接口返回内容 """ if method == 'get': result = self.get(**kwargs) return result elif method == 'post': result = self.post(**kwargs) return result else: print('请求接口类型错误')if __name__ == '__main__': # 以下是测试代码 # get请求接口 url = 'https://api.apiopen.top/getJoke?page=1&count=2&type=video' res = RequestHandler().get(url) # post请求接口 url2 = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/' payload = { "username": "vivi", "password": "123456" } res2 = RequestHandler().post(url2,json=payload) print(res.json()) print(res2.json())

请求结果如下：

{'code': 200, 'message': '成功!', 'result': [{'sid': '31004305', 'text': '羊：师傅，理个发，稍微修一下就行', 'type': 'video', 'thumbnail': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/picture/2020/0410/5e8fbf227c7f3_wpd.jpg', 'video': 'http://uvideo.spriteapp.cn/video/2020/0410/5e8fbf227c7f3_wpd.mp4', 'images': None, 'up': '95', 'down': '1', 'forward': '0', 'comment': '25', 'uid': '23189193', 'name': '青川小舟', 'header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2019/12/24/5e01934bb01b5_mini.jpg', 'top_comments_content': None, 'top_comments_voiceuri': None, 'top_comments_uid': None, 'top_comments_name': None, 'top_comments_header': None, 'passtime': '2020-04-12 01:43:02'}, {'sid': '30559863', 'text': '机器人女友，除了不能生孩子，其他的啥都会，价格239000元', 'type': 'video', 'thumbnail': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/picture/2020/0306/5e61a41172a1b_wpd.jpg', 'video': 'http://uvideo.spriteapp.cn/video/2020/0306/5e61a41172a1b_wpd.mp4', 'images': None, 'up': '80', 'down': '6', 'forward': '3', 'comment': '20', 'uid': '23131273', 'name': '水到渠成', 'header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2019/07/04/5d1d90349cd1a_mini.jpg', 'top_comments_content': '为游戏做的秀', 'top_comments_voiceuri': '', 'top_comments_uid': '10250040', 'top_comments_name': '不得姐用户', 'top_comments_header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile', 'passtime': '2020-04-11 20:43:49'}]}{'token': 'eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6InZpdmkiLCJleHAiOjE1ODY4NTc0MzcsImVtYWlsIjoidml2aUBxcS5jb20ifQ.k6y0dAfNU2o9Hd9LFfxEk1HKgczlQfUaKE-imPfTsm4', 'user_id': 1, 'username': 'vivi'}

这样就完美了吗，no,no,no。以上代码痛点如下：

代码量大：只是封装了get、post请求，加上其他请求类型，代码量较大；

缺少会话管理：请求之间如何保持会话状态。

我们再来回顾下get、post等请求源码，看下是否有啥特点。

get请求源码：

def get(url, params=None, **kwargs): r"""Sends a GET request. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :return: :class:`Response ` object :rtype: requests.Response """ kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True) return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)

post请求源码：

def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs): r"""Sends a POST request. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :return: :class:`Response ` object :rtype: requests.Response """ return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)

仔细研究下，发现get、post请求返回的都是request函数。

既然这样，我们再来研究下request源码：

def request(method, url, **kwargs): """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request `. :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`. :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload. ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')`` or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file. :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. :param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) ` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``. :type allow_redirects: bool :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy. :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``. :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded. :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair. :return: :class:`Response ` object :rtype: requests.Response Usage:: >>> import requests >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get') """ # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some # cases, and look like a memory leak in others. with sessions.Session() as session: return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)

源码看起来很长，其实只有三行，大部分是代码注释。从源码中可以看出，不管是get还是post亦或其他请求类型，最终都是调用request函数。

既然这样，我们可以不像之前那样，在类内定义get方法、post方法，而是定义一个通用的方法，直接调用request函数即可。看起来有点绕，用代码实现就清晰了。

import requestsclass RequestHandler: def __init__(self): """session管理器""" self.session = requests.session() def visit(self, method, url, params=None, data=None, json=None, headers=None, **kwargs): return self.session.request(method,url, params=params, data=data, json=json, headers=headers,**kwargs) def close_session(self): """关闭session""" self.session.close()if __name__ == '__main__': # 以下是测试代码 # post请求接口 url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/' payload = { "username": "vivi", "password": "123456" } req = RequestHandler() login_res = req.visit("post", url, json=payload) print(login_res.text)

响应结果：

{ "token": "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6InZpdmkiLCJleHAiOjE1ODY4Njk3ODQsImVtYWlsIjoidml2aUBxcS5jb20ifQ.OD4HIv8G0HZ_RCk-GTVAZ9ADRjwqr3o0E32CC_2JMLg", "user_id": 1, "username": "vivi"}

这次请求封装简洁实用，当然小伙伴们也可以根据自己的需求自行封装。

总结：本文主要通过源码分析，总结出一套简洁的请求类封装。

下一篇：unittest单元测试框架，敬请关注。

以上 That‘s all 更多系列文章敬请期待 ITester软件测试小栈往期内容宠幸 1. Python接口自动化-接口基础(一) 2.Python接口自动化-接口基础(二) 3.Python接口自动化-requests模块之get请求 4. Python接口自动化-requests模块之post请求

5.Python接口自动化之cookie、session应用

6.Python接口自动化之Token详解及应用

7.Fiddler跨域调试及Django跨域处理

8.Fiddler设置断点(一)

9.Fiddler抓包详解

10.Fiddler基本介绍